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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 127(1): 9-17, ene. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-243752

ABSTRACT

Background: The incidence of cytomegalovirus infection or reactivation is 8 times more frequent in transplant recipients than in the general population. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and usefulness of different diagnostic techniques for cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Patients and methods: Twenty nine renal transplant recipients were followed for at least five months. Cytomegalovirus infection was assessed by the presence of serum antibodies against the virus using ELISA and viral detection in urine and lymphocytes, using classical viral isolation, shell vial assay, and detection of viral genome by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Prior to transplantation, 23 of 27 patients had IgG type anti cytomegalovirus antibodies. In 40 percent, IgM type antibodies were detected in some moment of the follow up. Three of these corresponded to seroconversion. Cytomegalovirus was detected in urine in 41 percent of patients and it was not detected in lymphocytes. Shell vial assay detected the virus in 5 of 13 urine samples and in 1 of 7 lymphocyte samples. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in 12 of the 29 patients. In six patients, an acute rejection was postulated and there was no relation of rejection episodes with viral detection. In two patients, a disease caused by cytomegalovirus was postulated. One of these patients had a seroconversion during follow up. Conclusions: The prevalence of positive serum indices of cytomegalovirus infection was similar to that reported in the general population. However, the frequency of reactivation and viral disease was lower than that reported elsewhere. The techniques used in this study can be useful to confirm the suspicion of cytomegalovirus disease. However they do not predict the occurrence or evolution of the disease caused by the virus nor viral reactivation in renal transplant recipients


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification , Kidney Transplantation/immunology , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications , Cytomegalovirus Infections/urine , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Cytomegalovirus/drug effects , Cytomegalovirus/pathogenicity , Graft Rejection , Clinical Evolution
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(7): 777-84, jul. 1996. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-174903

ABSTRACT

Hemophilia A is an X-linked disorder of coagulation caused by a deficiency of factor VIII. A large number of different mutations in the VIII gene have been identified. Thus, the detection of female carriers, depends upon the analysis of DNA polymorphism in and near the factor VIII gene. Our aim was to develop a strategy, earlier reported, for carrier testing in families at risk of hemophilia A. In this study, we analyzed the DNA polymorphisms in 26 affected families, with use of the factor VIII intragenic polymorphisms identified by the restriction enzymes Bcll and AlwNI and by differential hybridization with sequence-specific oligonuclaotide probes recognizing Bcll and AlwNI polymorphisms. While the DNA polymorphism detected by Bcll site in intron 18 of the factor VIII gene was informative for 30 percent families studied, the AlwNI/intron 7 polymorphism provided aditional information (4 percent). The carrier status of the remaining 58 percent could be determined utilizing the other polymorphisms suggested the strategy. The 2 polymorphic sites used combined with the other polymorphisms, intragenic and extragenic, can generate levels of informativeness greater than 98 percent. We concluded that the strategy for carrier testing would be a good alternative in genetic counselling for hemophilia A., but its limitations must be carefully taken into account


Subject(s)
Humans , Factor VIII/genetics , Introns/genetics , Hemophilia A/genetics , Blood Donors , Genetic Carrier Screening , Genetic Complementation Test/methods
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(6): 663-8, jun. 1996. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-174792

ABSTRACT

Activated protein C resistance (APCR) or factor V leiden has been recently described as the most prevalent hemostatic abnormality associated with venous thrombosis. In patients with familial thrombophilia, the prevalence of APCR is 19-60 percent and around 20 percent in sporadic venous thrombosis. APCR is usually measured by the degree of prolongation of activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) on patient's plasma, induced by addition of APC in comparison to normal plasma. At the molecular level the defect is caused by a single-point mutation in the gene for factor V (FV) (G1.691-A), that predict the replacement of Arg506 by Glutamine. This mutation makes activated factor V resistant to inactivation by APC. Since the prevalence of the defect is highly variable among different populations, the objective of this work was to study its frequency in our population and in patients with thrombophilia. We defined the normal range for APTT ratio (APTT+APC/APTT-APC) in a group of 73 healthy volunteers in whom the presence of FV Q506 mutation was searched using Mnll enzyme digestion of PCR amplified genomic fragment containing the nucleotide 1.691. The lower limit of APTT ratio stablished in this group was 2.13. APCR was found in 6 out of 159 control subjects (3.8 percent) and in 14/50 (28 percent) of patients with thrombosis. In 13 cases as a single defect and in 1 associated to type I protein C deficiency. All the APCR patients and control subjects were heterozygotes by gene analysis. The results demonstrate that in our population APCR is also the most common defect associated with thrombosis, in accordance with a high prevalence in the population. The ability to screen for this defect will permit the identification of carriers that would benefit preventive therapy at risk situations


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Blood Coagulation Disorders/diagnosis , C-Reactive Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Partial Thromboplastin Time , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Blood Coagulation Disorders/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Factor V Deficiency/genetics , Factor V Deficiency/epidemiology
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(4): 403-8, abr. 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-173348

ABSTRACT

Cytomegalovirus is the main agent of congenital viral infections. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection of 2 groups of newborns of differing socioeconomic status. Cytomegalovirus was isolated from urine or oropharyngeal secretions in 218 children born in a private clinic and 471 born in a public hospital. Positive viral isolates were confirmed with indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. Infection was detected in 12 children (1.82 percent), 4 coming from the private clinic (1.86 percent) and 8 coming from the public hospital (1.81 percent). Ninety two percent of onfected children were asymptomatic. Urine and oropharingeal secretion samples had the same yield for viral isolation. It is concluded that the incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is similar to that described in developed countries


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , Cytomegalovirus/pathogenicity , Oropharynx/microbiology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/congenital , Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Socioeconomic Factors
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 123(5): 549-59, mayo 1995. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-152856

ABSTRACT

Protective immunity against rotavirus infection is directed against antigenic epitopes on the outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4. The aim of this study was to characterize the VP7 and VP4 antigenic types circulating in different hospital areas of Santiago, Chile, obtained from children consulting for acute no bloody diarrhea in 5 hospitals representative of the 5 major health areas in Santiago. In addition, 256 rotavirus positive samples, obtained from children with acute diarrhea consulting in the north health area of Santiago between 1985-1987 were studied. All samples were processed for rotavirus by an ELISA and all rotavirus positive samples were selected for VP4 typing by PCR (types P1-P4). A total of 782 rotavirus positive samples were obtained of wich 618 (79 percent) were typeable for one specific VP7 type. VP7 type G1 represented 63 percent of the rotavirus positive samples and predominated in all areas evaluated throughout the entire period of observation. VP7 type G2 represented 13 percent of rotavirus samples, following G1 in predominance. G2 types decreased progressively in all areas in both study periods. G4 types were detected mainly during 1985-1987, and G3 types have so far not been detected. Preliminary analysis of VP4 types suggests that P1 types are predominant and closely associated with VP7 G1 type. These results are relevant for the adoption of appropiate preventive strategies for rotavirus infection, specifically aimed to the development of effective vaccines


Subject(s)
Rotavirus/genetics , Diarrhea, Infantile/microbiology , In Vitro Techniques , Specimen Handling , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Epitopes/isolation & purification
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 12(1): 27-32, 1995. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-174948

ABSTRACT

Estudios recientes en animales de experimentación han identificado la participación de un gen, denominado BCG, en la inmunidad innata frente a la infección por mycobacterium tuberculosis. En el hombre se desconoce aún su existencia, sin mebargo, hay antecedentes que apoyan la presencia de un gen homólogo en el cromosoma 2q. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue confirmar en animales de experimentación, la presencia de este gen, y buscar una secuencia homóloga a nivel humano. Se estudiaron los DNA de 2 cepas de ratones resistentes, 2 susceptibles a la infección tuberculosa y los DNA de 10 niños sanos y 10 tuberculosos por medio de la técnica de reacción de polimerasa en cadena con oligonecleótidos específicos. Los resultados permitieron comprobar la presencia de este gen en ratones con la amplificación del segmento de DNA esperado. En el hombre se obtuvo la amplificación de un segmento de DNA, con un tamaño molecular diferente al del ratón. Estos hallazgos sugieren la existencia del gen BCG en humanos, el que presentaría diferencias importantes a nivel molecular con el descrito en animales de experimentación


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Child , Mice , Gene Amplification/immunology , Immunity, Innate , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , Blood Specimen Collection , Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 11(1): 42-9, 1994. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-207300

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de esta revisión es enfatizar la importancia de la biología molecular de los ácidos nucleicos, en el estudio de las infecciones nosocomiales. Un aspecto importante en este tipo de estudios, es identificar y demostrar clonalidad del agente responsable. Se describe brevemente las técnicas de la biología molecular ya clásica y más relevantes, incluyendo procedimientos basados en la reacción en cadena de la DNA polimerasa y su aplicación a la epidemiología molecular de las enfermedades infecciosas. Se proporciona algunas directrices para seleccionar un procedimiento particular de acuerdo a su aplicabilidad; poder de discriminación reproductibilidad, tiempo y costo


Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection/transmission , Molecular Biology/trends , Plasmids/genetics , Blood Grouping and Crossmatching/trends
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 11(4): 216-22, 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-207328

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de candidiasis sistémica se ha incrementado en asociación a la sobrevida de pacientes neutropénicos. El diagnóstico precoz presenta limitaciones debido a la baja sensibilidad y especificidad de los métodos diagnósticos en uso; esto explica que el diagnóstico y tratamiento se basan en muchos casos en la sospecha clínica. El tratamiento de la candidiasis sistémica no es siempre exitoso y presenta una alta incidencia de reacciones adversas y complicaciones. En la actualidad, la profilaxis constituye la medida más importante para disminuir la morbimortalidad de eta infección, sin embargo, para establecer medidas eficaces de control, es necesario ahondar en la epidemiología de las infecciones por Candida spp, lo que requiere de sistemas adecuados de caracterización de cepas involucradas. Este estudio presenta los resultados obtenidos mediante el procedimiento denominado amplificación aleatoria de fragmentos de DNA (RAPD-PCR) utilizado como un método de análisis espidemiológico molecular


Subject(s)
Candida albicans/genetics , In Vitro Techniques , Gene Amplification/physiology , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Candida albicans/pathogenicity , Candidiasis/microbiology
10.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 8(2): 96-103, 1991. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119751

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de una prueba diagnóstica novedosa, basada en la amplificación de una secuencia nucleótida conocida de un ADN blanco. La reacción de amplificación génica (PCR), descrita en este trabajo, permite una amplificación * 10 elevado a 6 -veces un segmento de 294 bp de un gene que codifica a un antígeno de 65 KDa- correspondiente a una proteína de respuesta al estrés térmico, presente en Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Esta reacción requiere grandes cantidades de ADN blanco, pero con la técnica utilizada fue posible detectar amplificación comenzando con 10 elevado a -12 g de ADN; cantidad que corresponde a 10-100 micobacterias/equivalentes ADN. Este nivel detectado representa un mejoramiento respecto a la tinción Ziehl-Neelsen, el cual necesita sobre 10.000 micobacterias para ser leído como positivo. La concentración de Mg elevado a +2 es crítica en la reacción, la cual corresponde a 3-5 mM. El análisis de la secuencia muestra que la amplificación de ésta es comparable a la secuencia localizada entre las posiciones 781-1075 del gene 65 KDa. Se realizaron pruebas específicas que demostraron que la señal de amplificación es posible de encontrar con ADN obtenido de M. tuberculosis y M. bovis BCG. Con otras micobacterias la señal de amplificación es muy baja y equivalente a aquéllas encontradas con ADN micobacterial no relacionado. La reacción fue probada con cuatro muestras clínicas, las cuales fueron positivas para la presentación de micobacterias; en tres de ellas se encontró el segmento amplificado 294 bp. Continúan desarrollándose ensayos de sensibilidad y especificidad en muestras clínicas


Subject(s)
Humans , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Genome, Bacterial , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Oligonucleotides/chemical synthesis , Gene Amplification/genetics , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/genetics
11.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 8(2): 105-9, 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119752

ABSTRACT

Los estudios in vitro de sensibilidad antibiótica frente a bacterias anaeróbicas son escasos en nuestro medio. El presente trabajo evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de seis antibióticos frente a 301 cepas de microorganismos anaeróbicos. Destaca la sensibilidad del grupo Bacteroides fragilis grupo, frente a la clindamicina, en especial cuando se compara con la actividad de metronidazol. Los Bacteroides melaninogenicus presentan una resistencia de 33% al metranidazol, condición que no está descrita en la literatura extranjera. La penicilina y el cloramfenicol son los más activos frente a los microorganismos Gram positivos anaeróbicos. La actividad de metronidazol frente a este grupo de microorganismos es la más baja de todos los antibióticos estudiados. La clindamicina, el cloramfenicol y los nitroimidazólicos presentan mejor actividad que la penicilina frente a los Clostrium perfringens


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects , In Vitro Techniques , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Bacteroides/drug effects , Clostridium/drug effects , Fusobacterium/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Peptostreptococcus/drug effects , Propionibacterium/drug effects
12.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 7(2): 111-5, 1990. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119737

ABSTRACT

Se describe un procedimiento para el aislamiento de DNA cromosomal de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La digestión simultánea con lisozima y lipasa pancreática, seguida de lisis celular con dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS), extracciones con fenol-cloroformo y precipitación con acetato de sodio y etanol, permiten recuperar DNA cromosomal adecuado para análisis con enzimas de restricción, estudios de hibridización de DNA, experimentos de DNA recombinante y reacciones de amplificación génica(PCR)


Subject(s)
DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Electrophoresis , Genetic Techniques
14.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 6(2): 100-5, 1989. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119702

ABSTRACT

Se describe el ensayo de laboratorio y uso de la enzima 2'-5' oligoadenilato sintetasa (2'-5' OAS) en el diagnóstico diferencial de infecciones virales de infecciones bacterianas. La enzima 2'-5' OAS se ensayó en extractos solubles de linfocitos de sangre periférica en 73 pacientes: 28 controles, 11 pacientes con infección bacteriana aguda confirmada y 34 pacientes con infecciones virales, documentadas por el cuadro clínico y/o de laboratorio. La actividad de la enzima 2'-5'OAS en cada grupo se comparó en términos de porcentaje de aumento con respecto a la incorporación basal de 3H-ATP. Los linfocitos de pacientes con infecciones virales tienen un 377,9ñ195,3% de aumento de actividad 2'-5'OAS; las infecciones bacterianas alcanzan a un 98,2ñ53,2%. El ensayo enzimático que se describe, ha resultado particularmente útil para diferenciar orígenes etiológicos en el síndrome febril prolongado


Subject(s)
Humans , 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase , Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Bacterial Infections/enzymology , Diagnosis, Differential , Virus Diseases/enzymology
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